Observed nonlinear site amplification of vertical ground motion in Taiwan

The objective of this study is to evaluate the possible reason for the observed nonlinear site amplification (NSA) of vertical ground motions in Taiwan. First, we observe that NSA generally occurs simultaneously in both the horizontal and vertical components of a ground-motion record and that the NSA levels are similar between these components. We also observe that most vertical peak ground acceleration (PGA) and vertical peak oscillator spectral acceleration (SA) responses for different periods occur during the shear wave (S-wave) window after S-wave arrival. The differences in the source, path, and site effects on PGA and SA responses occurring during the pressure wave (P-wave) and S-wave windows are evaluated individually through a regression analysis. We determine that NSA is observed only when PGA and SA responses occur during the S-wave window. This evidence demonstrates that the observed NSA of vertical ground motions in Taiwan may result from the hysteresis of the soil layer subjected to S-waves. This study provides physical evidence for the observed NSA of vertical ground motions in Taiwan.