Graphene in electrochemical biosensors

Graphene gains lots of methodical and scientific interests since graphene and its derivatives bring new perspectives and prospects into electrochemical systems. The two-dimensional (2D) material possesses unique physicochemical properties, including high surface area, excellent conductivity, high mechanical strength, ease of functionalization, and mass production. In the past decade, the usage of graphene as a sensor element in miniaturized and biomedical sensor devices is increasing. Including graphene, graphene oxide, and hybrid nanocomposites into electrode modification processes has been shown to improve detection sensitivity and advance electrocatalytic behavior. The overall aim of this chapter is to provide a brief overview of recent advances in applying graphene-based materials into electrochemical sensor for biomedical applications. In particular, graphene-based biosensors for small molecule, protein, nucleic acid, and cell analyses are addressed.