Effect of turbulent flow on coil-globule transition of λ-DNA

The addition of spermidine (SPD) into turbulent flow as a condensing agent showed the abrupt change of turbulent drag reducing (DR) efficiency of λ-DNA in turbulent flow for the first time. The resultant asymptote DR efficiency explains the origin of those changes, which can be conclusively verified via the electrophoresis experiment. Despite the different fluid conditions, with and without condensing agent, all λ-DNA molecules possessed the same half-cut dimension, implying that the discrete change of DNA conformation can dramatically alter the flow characteristics.