Direct saliva transcriptome analysis

BACKGROUND: Current standard operating procedures for salivary transcriptomic analysis require low temperatures and lengthymRNAisolation, which substantially hamper its use in the clinic. We developed a streamlined, ambient-temperature processing, stabilization, and storage protocol for clinical analysis of salivary RNA. METHODS: The direct saliva transcriptome analysis (DSTA) used cell-free saliva supernatant instead of isolatedmRNAfor saliva transcriptomic detection, and all procedures, including processing, stabilization, and storage of saliva samples, were performed at ambient temperature without a stabilizing reagent. We evaluated this streamlined protocol by comparing the mRNA expression levels of 3 saliva internal reference genes [glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH); actin, beta (ACTB); and ribosomal protein S9 (RPS9)] to levels measured with standard procedures, and detecting the variation of their expression levels under long-term ambient temperature storage. The clinical utility of DSTA was assessed by use of 7 oral cancer salivary mRNA biomarkers in a clinical study. RESULTS: Each saliva internal reference gene mRNA showed similar expression levels when assayed by the DSTA or standard procedures, and remained stable under ambient temperature storage for at least 10 weeks without significant degradation (P = 0.918, 0.288, and 0.242 for GAPDH, ACTB, and RPS9, respectively). Compared with standard procedures, the performance characteristics of oral cancer salivary transcriptomic markers were retained as assayed by DSTA after 10 weeks of storage at ambient temperature. These results indicate that the DSTA is a suitable alternative method for saliva transcriptomic analysis and is feasible for use in clinical cancer research applications. CONCLUSIONS: The streamlined DSTA protocol can impact the saliva-handling method and improve the standard operating procedures for clinical saliva transcriptomic diagnostics.