Developing a network data envelopment analysis model to measure the efficiency of banking with the governance, innovation, and operations

The bank's integrity culture is critical to the public's trust and long-term development. However, previous literature on the efficiency evaluation of the banking merely focuses on operational efficiency. Therefore, this study measures the efficiency of Taiwanese banks through Network Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) from the perspectives of banking integrity, environment, social, government (ESG), and Fintech. The results indicate the main reason for the difference in bank efficiency comes from the governance and innovation stage. Financial holding company's banks are more efficient than independent banks in each stage. The overall efficiency of state-owned banks is lower than privately-owned banks, mainly due to the lower efficiency score in the innovation stage.