Climate and Water Resources Challenges at Macroscopic Spatiotemporal Scales

With the impact of climate change and the main rainfall seasons in Taiwan are concentrated in the plum rain season from May to June and the typhoon season from July to September each year, there are significant differences in the rainfall and spatial and temporal distribution between the wet season and the dry season. When the rainfall carried by typhoons is insufficient, droughts will occur and even lead to serious water shortages, such as the worst drought event in half a century in 2021. From the macroscopic time scale, climate change or slight changes in the overall rainfall during the annual rainfall season may directly or indirectly affect Taiwan's drought or flood disaster; on the other hand, from the macroscopic spatial scale, for example, the El Niño phenomenon and solar activity may have a certain impact on the overall climate and water resources of the earth. Therefore, in order to respond to and understand the impact of extreme rainfall events on water resources on macroscopic time and space scales, this paper introduces the water resources impact assessment of climate change, the cosmic environment, sunspots, and the El Niño-Southern Oscillation phenomenon through literature review. The possible influencing factors of other large scales and the related literature in recent years to discuss the relationship between rainfall and it will be able to provide information with a long-term and large-scale spatialtemporal scale water resources management and planning reference.