Air effects on solitary waves impinging and overtopping an impermeable seawall

Considering the presence or absence of air, the solitary waves impinging on an impermeable structure were numerically investigated to discuss solitary wave characteristics such as surface elevation, pressure, vorticity, eddy viscosity, and force on structures under different initial conditions. The volume of fluid (VOF) model (Wu, 2004) was employed to simulate solitary waves impinging an impermeable structure. Besides, the LES turbulent module was utilized to capture the turbulent phenomenon generated by wave-structure interactions, particularly after wave breaking. The present model was verified by comparing the simulation results with the experimental data (Hsiao and Lin, 2010). The findings demonstrated that the model more accurately represents tsunami wave behavior compared to simulations that did not account for air, especially in cases where wave breaking occurs prior to overtopping, entraining more air into the water. Detailed comparisons between simulations with and without air presence reveal that simulations excluding air exhibited delayed wave breaking, a more distant breaking point, and the absence of an air pocket behind the seawall. Despite these differences, the simulations showed excellent agreement with the laboratory results. Moreover, it was shown that the presence of air dissipated part of wave energy. Earlier the stage of waves broke, the more air was entrained, making the effects of air on the waves more noticeable. The highest fluid velocity was observed at the breaking point in front of the structure, while the strongest forces were experienced by the structure at the breaking location behind it.