Tin as a co-catalyst for electrocatalytic oxidation and reduction reactions

The current reliance on fossil fuels not only depletes vital resources but also poses significant environmental and health hazards. Therefore, by harnessing renewable electricity from sources like solar and wind energy, electrocatalytic technology emerges as a key solution for achieving zero carbon emissions in the production of value-added chemicals and fuels. Electrocatalytic oxidation and reduction offer a promising avenue in the carbon cycle. The incorporation of non-noble, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly metals into various electrocatalysts has attracted extensive attention. Among these, tin (Sn) as a co-catalyst exerts a substantial influence on representative electrocatalytic reactions, encompassing the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), ethanol oxidation reaction (EOR), hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), and CO₂ reduction reaction (CO₂RR). This review presents a comprehensive overview of Sn's impact on both the structure and properties of electrocatalytic oxidation and reduction reactions, elucidating the involved reaction mechanisms in these four electrocatalytic processes and analyzing the distinct advantages conferred by Sn. However, current challenges associated with Sn as a co-catalyst revolve around achieving a delicate balance between the stability and activity of modified catalysts, particularly under acidic conditions. Nevertheless, Sn also offers opportunities for further advancements in selectivity, cost reduction, and the quest for alternatives to precious metals. Delving into Sn's role as a co-catalyst and pioneering novel strategies have an immense impact on ushering in a transformative era for green synthesis and energy production.