Implementation of the modified cross-section racking deformation method using explicit FDM program: A critical assessment

The modified cross-section racking deformation (MCSRD) method can accurately derive the vulnerability and the deformation of underground structures resulting from different magnitudes of earthquakes; while the nonlinear soil-structure interaction can be determined by numerical calculation. Compared with dynamic analysis, the MCSRD method is a more efficient and simpler way of achieving the seismic performance-based design (SPBD) for underground structures. To better apply the method using FLAD2D, the research includes several numerical examples, which study critical numerical points of the approach. The framework of the MCSRD method to assess the seismic capacity of underground structures will be demonstrated with an example.