清末中文報紙中「時事漫畫」之研究

This study, through a study of newspaper materials, establishes that China’s earliest systematic editorial cartoons also appropriated “editorial cartoons” from Japanese newspapers and periodicals, with Kitazawa Rakuten 北澤樂天 (1876-1955) the most important influence. The Chinese copyists also studied his technique of drawing comics with a brush. The evidences are as follows:In July 1899, the Journal of Furen Literary Society in Hong Kong published “The Current Political Situation” (“Shiju tu” 時局圖), drawn by Tse Tsan-tai 謝纘泰 (1872-1939), with reference to foreign cartoons. On June 7, 1901, Japan’s Yomiuri Shimbun published this cartoon on its second page, explaining that it was a caricature (giga 戲畫) that Tse Tsan-tai had sent to Duke Konoe (Konoe Matsumaru, 1863-1904), and that they had renamed it “The Current Political Situation of the East” (“Tōhō jikyoku” 東方時局). At this time, the competition between Japan and Russia for territory in northeastern China had become increasingly tense. On December 15, 1903, the first issue of The Alarming News from Russia (Eshi jingwen 俄事警聞), a Shanghai newspaper edited by Cai Yuanpei 蔡元培 (1868-1904) and others, reprinted the cartoon yet again, this time under the name “Illustration of the Partition of China” (“Guofen Zhongguo tu” 瓜分中國圖). The cartoon “Current Situation” (“Xianshi” 現勢), published in The Alarming News from Russia on December 18, 1903, was copied from a cartoon entitled “Revealing the State’s Superficial Strength and Interior Softness” (“Ro kuni no gaigōnaijū 露國の外剛内柔) by Kitazawa Rakuten on the fourth page of the October 19, 1903 issue of Jiji shimpō (時事新報). A cartoon published on December 24, 1903 in The Alarming News from Russia was copied from a Kitazawa Rakuten cartoon published in the December 13, 1903 issue of Jiji shimpō; it criticized the government’s hasty resolution of the Russian affair. Kitazawa used brushes to paint his cartoons, as the Chinese copyists did, but without the fine detail.Kitazawa Rakuten had been influenced in turn by the “Editorial Cartoon” column in the Sunday editions of the American newspapers New York World and New York Journal. On January 12th (Sunday), the 10th page of Jiji shimpō began offering a full-page “Editorial Cartoon” (“Jiji manga” 時事漫畫) column. This page was included in each Sunday paper thereafter, with different mastheads designed by Kitazawa, each including several stories, mostly in 2, 4, 8, or 10-frame comics, covering social events, real stories, games, and not necessarily politics. On February 26, 1904, The Alarming News from Russia was renamed Alarming Bell Daily News (Jingzhong ribao 警鐘日報), and then on March 27, on the fourth page, it also began publishing an “Editorial Cartoon” (shishi manhua 時事漫畫) column.